Otu esi anwale ọkwa chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ site na iji ngwa nnwale chloramines

Ijigide nguzozi chlorine kwesịrị ekwesị chọrọ nghọta isi ihe atọ dị mkpa: Free Available Chlorine (FAC), Combined Chlorine (CC), na Total Chlorine (TC). Ị na-atụ chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ iji chọpụta chloramines n'ime mmiri gị. Mpempe akwụkwọ ntụpụ otu nkịtị enweghị ike ịgụta ihe ndị a nke ọma. Kama, ị ga-emerịrị usoro nhazi multi-reagent kpọmkwem.

Iji ngwa nnwale Chloramines na-enye ụzọ doro anya maka nnwale ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-ada ada. Ị na-ejikọta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro DPD-1, DPD-2, DPD-3, na DPD-D n'ime karama ihe nlele 20ml nkịtị. Nta ọ bụla nke ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị nro DPD-D kwekọrọ kpọmkwem na 0.2 ppm nke chlorine. Usoro ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-ada ada a na-enye gị ohere inyocha nchekwa mmiri gị ngwa ngwa na ngwa ngwa.

Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa Ị Ga-eburu n'Obi

• Sachaa karama nnwale 20ml wee nwalee ihe nlele mmiri gị ozugbo maka nsonaazụ ziri ezi.
• Tinye Ihe ndị na-eme DPD-1 na DPD-2 iji tụọ chlorine dị n'efu mbụ.
• Tinye ihe na-eme DPD-3 reagent n'otu ihe nlele mmiri ahụ iji gosipụta chloramines ejikọtara ọnụ.
• Mee ka ọnụọgụ DPD-D gị mụbaa site na 0.2 ppm iji gbakọọ chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ.
• Debe ọkwa chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ n'okpuru 0.4 ppm iji gbochie nsogbu akpụkpọ ahụ na anya.

Ihe Ndị Dị na Ngwa Nnwale Chloramines

Ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe ...

Ị chọrọ ihe anọ dị mkpa maka mmiri mmiri iji nyochaa mmiri gị nke ọma. Ihe ọ bụla dị mkpa maka mmiri mmiri na-arụ ọrụ kemịkalụ pụrụ iche n'oge nhazi nke ọnụọgụgụ drop-count. DPD-1 na DPD-2 na-emeghachi omume ozugbo na chlorine efu iji mepụta agba pink pụrụ iche. DPD-3 na-ewebata ion iodide iji kpughee ngwakọta chlorine dị ka monochloramine na dichloramine. N'ikpeazụ, DPD-D na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nnọchi anya titrating gị iji hichaa agba ihe nlele ahụ.

Reagent	Na-emeghachi omume na	Nsonaazụ kemịkalụ a hụrụ
DPD-1	Chlorine dị n'efu	Na-eme ka ihe ngosi DPD sie ike, na-emepụta agba pink nke ike ya dabara na mkpokọta chlorine efu.
DPD-2	Chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ, dịka chloramines	Na-akpata mmụba agba ọzọ; ọnụọgụgụ DPD-1 + DPD-2 na-anọchite anya chlorine efu yana chlorine a gwakọtara agwakọta, ebe iwepụ ọnụọgụgụ DPD-1 na-enye mkpokọta mkpokọta chlorine.

Nke gị Ngwa Nnwale Chloramines na-adabere na mgbanwe kemịkalụ ndị a kpọmkwem ka ọ bụrụ nkewapụ chloramines. pH dị n'etiti 6.3 na 6.6, chlorine efu na-eme ka ihe ngosi ahụ dị ọcha ozugbo ka ọ ghọọ ihe mejupụtara magenta. Mgbe ị tinyere DPD-3, chloramines na-eme ka ion iodide dị ọcha ka ọ bụrụ iodine. Ayodin a mepụtara na-eme ka ihe ngosi DPD dị ọcha ka ọ bụrụ Agba agba Würster. Ị ga-agụta ntụpọ DPD-D iji mee ka agba a ghara ịdị irè kpamkpam.

Ịkwadebe ihe nlele mmiri

Nnwale ziri ezi na-amalite site n'iji nha olu ihe nlele kwesịrị ekwesị. ngwa nnwale gụnyere karama nnwale 20ml ọkọlọtọ na mkpuchi kwekọrọ. Ị ga-eji mmiri ị chọrọ sachaa karama ahụ tupu i jupụta ya. Ịsacha ya na-ewepụ ihe fọdụrụ na kemịkalụ ndị na-adịgide adịgide n'ule ndị gara aga. Jupụta karama ahụ nke ọma ruo mgbe ọkwa mmiri ahụ dabara kpọmkwem na akara akara 20ml.

Ị ga-enwerịrị olu ihe nlele ziri ezi iji hụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ ziri ezi. Ihe nlele 20ml a na-ahụkarị na-emepụta oke titration kpọmkwem. Ndapụ ọ bụla nke ihe nlele titration DPD-D na-anọchite anya kpọmkwem 0.2 ppm nke chlorine. Ịtinye oke mmiri ma ọ bụ obere mmiri na-agbanwe oke mgbanwe a ma na-eduga na nsonaazụ ule na-ezighi ezi. Kpuchie karama ahụ nke ọma n'etiti mmiri reagent iji gwakọta ngwọta ahụ nke ọma n'awụfughị ​​​​ihe nlele gị.

Usoro Nnwale site na iji Ngwa Nnwale Chloramines

Tupu ịmalite usoro nnwale ahụ, ị ​​ga-emerịrị ya soro iwu njikwa ihe atụ siri ike iji chebe izi ezi nke ule ahụ.

Paramita	Ihe achọrọ
Oge njide kachasị	Awa 0.25 (nkeji 15)
Nchekwa	Echekwala ya; malite nyocha ozugbo ị sachara ihe nlele ahụ
Ìhè na ọgba aghara	Chebe ihe nlele ahụ site na ìhè siri ike na oke ọgba aghara

Ịgbaso usoro nkwadebe ndị a na-eme ka obi sie gị ike na ị ga-eme nke ọma Ngwa Nnwale Chloramines na-emepụta nha ndị a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi nke ukwuu.

Ịtụ Chlorine Dị n'Enweghị Ya

Ị ga-ebu ụzọ tụọ Chlorine dị n'efu tupu ị nyochaa ngwakọta chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ. Soro usoro ndị a dị mfe iji mee usoro titration mbụ nke ọma:

1. Jupụta karama nnwale ahụ dị ọcha na ihe nlele mmiri ị kwadebere ozugbo ruo akara akara 20ml.
2. Tinye ntụpụ mmiri mmiri DPD-1 na mmiri mmiri DPD-2 a tụrụ aro n'ime karama ahụ.
3. Kpuchie karama ahụ nke ọma ma tụgharịa akpa ahụ nwayọ iji gwakọta ihe ndị na-emepụta mmiri mmiri nke ọma.

Mmiri ahụ na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ pink ozugbo mgbe chlorine efu dị na ihe nlele mmiri gị. Ugbu a, ị ga-eji ihe nlele DPD-D tụọ ihe nlele ahụ iji tụọ mkpokọta chlorine efu. Mepee mkpuchi ahụ nke ọma. Tinye ihe nnọchi DPD-D n'ime ihe nlele mmiri agba otu otu ntapụ n'otu oge. Na-atụgharị karama ahụ mgbe niile mgbe ị tinyechara ntapụ ọ bụla. Gụọ ntapụ ọ bụla nke ihe nnọchi DPD-D ị tinyere na ngwọta ahụ. Kwụsị itinye ntapụ ozugbo mmiri uhie ahụ gbanwere enweghị agba kpamkpam. Dekọọ ọnụọgụ ntapụ mbụ a na mpempe akwụkwọ maka mgbakọ ikpeazụ gị.

Nnwale Chlorine ejiri mee ihe na DPD-3

Ị na-atụ Chlorine ejiri mee ihe site na Tinye ihe na-eme DPD-3 ozugbo na otu ihe ngwọta ihe nlele ahụ kpọmkwem. Ewụpụla ihe dị n'ime karama nnwale ahụ mgbe ịmechara ntinye chlorine gị n'efu. Debe ihe nlele mmiri doro anya, nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime akpa ahụ. Tinye ntapụ mmiri DPD-3 akọwapụtara kpọmkwem n'ime mmiri doro anya.

Isi mmalite	Ihe akaebe e kwugharịrị	Nkwado maka ajụjụ
Mmiri Mid Atlantic	A na-eji DPD #1 agụta chlorine efu; a na-agbakwụnye DPD #3 ka otu ihe nlele ahụ wee gụọ mkpokọta chlorine, nke gụnyere chloramines/chlorine agwakọtara.	Agba uhie/pink nke na-apụta naanị mgbe etinyere DPD-3 na-egosi akụkụ a tụrụ na usoro chlorine zuru oke, ya bụ, chloramines/chlorine ejikọtara.
Yamatho Supply	Nnwale DPD nke a na-akpọ "total-chlorine DPD" gụnyere potassium iodide. Chloramines na-agbanwe iodide ka ọ bụrụ iodine, nke na-emeghachi omume na ihe ngosi DPD iji mepụta agba pink/magenta.	Agba uhie/pink na-apụta ọzọ mgbe etinyere DPD-3 bụ agba DPD-iodine nke chloramines kpatara, yabụ ọ na-egosi na chlorine/chloramines ejikọtara ọnụ dị.

Kpuchie karama ihe nlele ahụ nke ọma ma tụgharịa karama ahụ ka ọ gwakọta mmiri ahụ kpamkpam. Chloramines na-agbanwe potassium iodide ka ọ bụrụ iodine efu. Iodine a e mepụtara na-emeghachi omume na ihe ngosi DPD iji mepụta agba pink ma ọ bụ magenta ọzọ. Mpụtaghachi nke agba pink a na-egosi na ihe nlele mmiri gị nwere ngwakọta chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ.

Ugbu a, ị ga-eme titration nke abụọ gị site na iji nke gị Ngwa Nnwale Chloramines. Tinye ihe na-eme ka mmiri DPD-D dị nro site na mmiri mmiri pink. Jiri nwayọ fesaa karama ahụ mgbe ọ bụla gasịrị. Gụọ mmiri ọ bụla nke ọma ruo mgbe agba pink ahụ ga-apụ kpamkpam. Mmiri ahụ ga-apụta ìhè ọzọ mgbe ị ruru ebe njedebe.

Ị na-agbakọ ọkwa chlorine ikpeazụ gị site na iji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ dị mfe. Ị na-ekpebi uru site na iji mmekọrịta prose: mkpokọta chlorine = ọnụọgụ mbelata DPD-D x 0.2 ppm. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na titration nke abụọ gị chọrọ ntapụ atọ nke DPD-D reagent, ị na-agbakọ ntapụ atọ mụbara site na 0.2 ppm. Nsonaazụ a na-enye gị kpọmkwem mkpokọta chlorine nke 0.6 ppm.

Ịgbakọ Chlorine zuru oke na nkọwapụta nsonaazụ ya

Usoro Ngụkọta Chlorine

Gị chọpụta mkpokọta chlorine site na ijikọta chlorine efu gị na nha chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ. Ndị ọkachamara n'inyocha mmiri na-adabere na mmekọrịta mgbakọ na mwepụ ọkọlọtọ iji chọpụta mkpokọta kemịkalụ niile.

Isi Iyi Nnwale	Usoro Ngụkọta
Ndụmọdụ Chloramine	Chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ = Ngụkọta Chlorine dị - Chlorine dị n'efu
Nkasi Obi Doro Anya na YSI	Klorine zuru oke = Klorine efu + Klorine a gwakọtara ọnụ

Ị na-emecha mgbakwunye dị mfe a site na iji ụkpụrụ sitere na titrations gị nke drop-count. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, titration mbụ gị nwere ike igosi ọkwa chlorine dị n'efu nke 2.0 ppm. Titration nke abụọ gị na DPD-3 nwere ike inye ọkwa chlorine jikọtara ọnụ nke 0.6 ppm. Ịtinye 2.0 ppm na 0.6 ppm na-enye gị uru chlorine zuru oke nke 2.6 ppm. Ngụkọta ikpeazụ a na-enye foto zuru oke nke ọdịnaya ihe nhicha ahụ gị na-arụ ọrụ na nke ejiri mee ihe.

Ọnụ ụzọ na Mmetụta Chloramine Dị Nchekwa

Ị ga-emerịrị ka ọkwa chloramine dị ala iji chekwaa mmiri dị ọcha ma chebe nchekwa onye na-egwu mmiri. Ụkpụrụ Ahụike Mmiri (MAHC) na-edobe oke ọrụ gọọmentị maka njikọta chlorine na 0.4 ppm. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe a ga-eme ihe ozugbo mgbe njikọta chlorine gafere nke a. Oke 0.4 ppm. Idobe chloramines n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ a na-egbochi nsogbu mma mmiri ma na-eme ka ebe mmiri dị iche iche kwekọọ.

Oke chloramine dị elu na-eme ka ndị na-eji ọdọ mmiri ghara inwe obi ụtọ. Ọtụtụ mmadụ na-eche na isi kemịkalụ na-esi ike bụ chlorine na-enweghị oke, mana isi ahụ siri ike na-egosi mkpokọta chloramine. karịa 0.4 ppm na-akpali ahụ erughị ala na nsogbu ahụike. Ntuziaka CDC na-adọ aka ná ntị na mkpokọta chlorine karịrị 0.4 ppm na-akpata nkụ akpụkpọ ahụ metụtara chloramine, oke mgbakasị anya, na nsogbu iku ume n'etiti ndị na-eji ọdọ mmiri.

Nnyocha e mere n'ime ọdọ mmiri na-egosi ihe akaebe doro anya na ihe egwu ahụike na-ebilite n'oge mmụba chloramine. Ọrịa ahụ malitere mgbe a tụrụ chlorine n'etiti ha. 1.0 ppm na 1.5 ppm n'ebe ndị a chọrọ. Ị ga-eme ule mgbe niile na gị Ngwa Nnwale Chloramines iji chọpụta chloramines n'oge ma nọgide na-enwe ụkpụrụ ahụike.

Ịchọpụta Nsogbu nke Ọkwa Chlorine Agwakọtara Elu

Ụzọ Ndozi Maka High Chloramines

Mbelata chlorine ọdịnala na-ewepụ chloramines siri ike. 1 mg/l ruo oke elu ma na-egosi nsogbu mmiri. Iwu ọkọlọtọ na-ekwu na chlorine efu ga-erurịrị Ugboro iri Ngụkọta chlorine. Ị na-agbakọ mgbakwunye achọrọ site na iji usoro nha anya: Achọrọ FC = (Agwakọtara Chlorine x 10) - Chlorine efu ugbu a. Maka chloramines 1.0 ppm, chlorine efu gị ruru 10 ppm. Sistemụ zuru oke na-achịkwa chloramines n'ime ihe dị ka otu awa. Ngụkọta kwesịrị ekwesị na-egbochi obere dose nke ọgwụgwọ kemịkalụ gị. Agbanyeghị, ọkachamara na kemịkalụ ọdọ mmiri Richard Falk kwuru na oxidizing monochloramine chọrọ naanị Ugboro 0.5 ruo 1.0 ọkwa chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ.

Ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ obere chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ enweghị nnukwu chlorine spikes:

• Potassium monopersulfate (MPS) Ihe na-adịghị na chlorine na-eme ka chlorine jikọtara ọnụ rụọ ọrụ n'oge mmezi kwa izu na-enweghị chlorine efu. Nkeji iri na ise, mana ị ga-ezere iji ya na ọdọ mmiri AFR.
• Sistemụ UV ma ọ bụ ozone nke oge a Na-ebelata mkpokọta chlorine ozugbo ma na-ebelata ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ. Ozone na-echekwa nchebe n'oge nnukwu ibu nke ịsa ahụ, na-ebelata ọchịchọ kemịkalụ, ma na-ewepụ isi ísì mmiri. Sistemụ nhicha ndị a na-akwado mbelata mmepụta chloramine ka oge na-aga.

Njehie Nnwale Titration A Na-ahụkarị

Ị ghaghị izere njehie nnwale a na-ahụkarị mgbe ị na-eji Ngwa Nnwale Chloramines gị iji hụ na nha ziri ezi.

Nnwale njehie	Mmetụta na nsonaazụ chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ
Na-egbu oge mgbakwunye DPD-3 n'ime sekọnd iri atọ	Chlorimines na-eme ka uru chlorine efu dịkwuo elu ma mebie mwepu gị.
Enweghị ike ịsacha vials ule nke ọma	DPD-3 fọdụrụnụ na-emerụ ihe nlele na-esote ma na-emepụta nsonaazụ a na-apụghị ịtụkwasị obi.
Nnwale ihe nlele dị n'elu 0 ruo 5 ppm oke oke	Oke chlorine na-eme ka ọbara gbapụta ma mee ka ọ ghara ịpụta ìhè nke ọma.

Oke chlorine dị elu na-eme ka ihe nlele mmiri gị dị ọcha kpamkpam kama imepụta agba pink. Nchacha a na-eme ka ihe nlele chlorine dị oke njọ yie ihe efu chlorine. Ebe ọ bụ na ị na-achọpụta chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ site na iwepụ chlorine efu na chlorine zuru oke, njehie n'ime nzọụkwụ abụọ ahụ na-agbasa ozugbo na nsonaazụ ikpeazụ gị. Ịsacha karama gị na-echebe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ihe nlele. Ime usoro titration ngwa ngwa ma jiri nlezianya chekwaa data a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi maka ọdọ mmiri gị.

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Iji Ngwa Nnwale Chloramines gị na-eme ka mmiri ọdọ mmiri gị dị nchebe, doo anya, ma nwee nhazi. Nke mbụ, ị na-agwakọta ihe ndị na-emepụta DPD-1 na DPD-2 n'ime karama ihe nlele gị. Ị na-agụta ntụpụ DPD-D iji mee ka chlorine na-enweghị chlorine ghara ịdị irè kpamkpam. Na-esote, ị na-agbakwunye DPD-3 iji gosipụta ngwakọta chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ. Ị na-agụta ntụpụ DPD-D ọzọ ruo mgbe mmiri pink ahụ ga-apụ.

Ị na-agbakọ mkpokọta chlorine site na iji njikọ dị mfe: Ngụkọta chlorine = Ngụkọta chlorine dị n'efu + Ngụkọta chlorine.

Nnwale mmiri nkịtị na-enyere gị aka ịchọpụta chloramines n'oge. Lelee ọkwa chlorine gị ejikọtara ọnụ. otu ugboro kwa izu iji nọgide na-enwe mmiri dị ọcha. Na-echekwa chlorine agwakọtara mgbe niile n'okpuru 0.2 ppm. Nnwale na-aga n'ihu na-egbochi isi chlorine siri ike ma na-echebe nkasi obi n'igwu mmiri n'ozuzu ya.

Ajụjụ Ndị A Na-ajụkarị

Kedu ka ntapụ ọ bụla nke ihe na-eme DPD-D si atụ chloramines?

Ntụpụ ọ bụla nke ihe na-eme ka DPD-D titration reagent kwekọọ kpọmkwem na 0.2 ppm nke chlorine dị na 20ml ọkọlọtọ ihe nlele mmiri. Ị ga-agụta mmiri ndị dị mkpa iji kpochapụ mmiri pink ahụ mgbe ị gbakwụnyechara DPD-3. Ịmụba ọnụọgụ mmiri nke abụọ gị site na 0.2 ppm na-enye gị kpọmkwem mkpokọta chlorine gị.

Gịnị mere ị ga-eji nwalee Chlorine dị n'efu tupu ị gwakọta Chlorine?

DPD-1 na DPD-2 na-emeghachi omume ozugbo na chlorine efu iji mepụta agba pink. Iji DPD-D mee ka agba mbụ a ghara ịdị n'otu na-akwadebe ihe nlele ahụ. Ịtinye DPD-3 na otu mmiri e wepụrụ chloramines, na-enye gị ohere ịtụ chlorine ejikọtara nke ọma na-enweghị nnyonye anya sitere na chlorine efu.

Kedu ọkwa chlorine ejikọtara ọnụ chọrọ mmezi?

Ị ga-eme ihe ozugbo mgbe ọ bụla ọnụọgụ chlorine jikọtara ọnụ gafere 0.4 ppm. Ụkpụrụ Ahụike Aquatic Model setịpụrụ 0.4 ppm dị ka oke ọrụ gọọmentị. Idebe mkpokọta chloramine n'okpuru oke a na-egbochi isi kemịkalụ siri ike, oke iwe anya, na nkụ akpụkpọ ahụ.

Olee otú ị ga-esi nyochaa ihe nlele mmiri gị ngwa ngwa mgbe ị ṅụsịrị ya?

Ị ga-enyocha ihe nlele mmiri gị ozugbo ị sachara ihe nlele ahụ. Oge kachasị mma maka ijide ihe nlele mmiri bụ awa 0.25 (nkeji 15). Ichebe ihe nlele mmiri gị pụọ na anwụ kpọmkwem na oke mkpọtụ na-eme ka o doo anya na ọ bụ eziokwu nke ukwuu. nsonaazụ nnwale na ngwa gị.